outstanding segments = the segments that are sent and still not acknowledged
Base: the sequence number of the oldest unacknowledged packet
NextSeqNum: the sequence number of the first next packet to be sent
N: the size of the window
the receiver must deliver in-order bytes of data to the upper layer protocol
In GBN protocol,
out-of-order received segments are discarded. If the receiver expects a byte with SeqNum, but receives a byte with SeqNum + 1, it sends an ACK for byte SeqNum and discards the SeqNum+1 byte because it will be considered out of order. In other words, the receiver sends an ACK for each received in-order segment.
at the sender side, if the application layer gives data to the Transport layer whose sequence number is larger than base + N, TCP signals to the application that it rejected the data because the window is full.
Sender maintains only one timer. The timer starts with the oldest-sent-yet-not-acknowledged segment. With each ACK received, the Sender checks if there still are segments that are sent and not acknowledged. If so, the timer restarts. However, if there are no sent-yet-unacknowledged segments, the timer stops
if ACK for segment k is not received, then a timeout occurs and the sender retransmits all the segments up to the last sent-yet-not-acknowledged segment. For example, if the sender already sent segment 2 up to 5, and ACK 2 is not received, then in Go Back N the sender retransmits segments 2, 3, 4 and 5.
The following diagram describes the operations of the Go Back N protocol.
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